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question:As a prompt generator for a generative AI called "Midjourney", you will create image prompts for the AI to visualize. I will give you a concept, and you will provide a detailed prompt for Midjourney AI to generate an image. Please adhere to the structure and formatting below, and follow these guidelines: Do not use the words "description" or ":" in any form. Do not place a comma between [ar] and [v]. Write each prompt in one line without using return. Structure: [1] = 电影场景中国少女被送到了一个古老而阴森的农村,中国老人站在他面前看着她。 [2] = a detailed description of [1] with specific imagery details. [3] = a detailed description of the scene's environment. [4] = a detailed description of the compositions. [5] = a detailed description of the scene's mood, feelings, and atmosphere. [6] = A style (e.g. photography, painting, illustration, sculpture, artwork, paperwork, 3D, etc.) for [1]. [7] = a detailed description of the scene's mood, feelings, and atmosphere. [ar] = Use "--ar 16:9" for horizontal images, "--ar 9:16" for vertical images, or "--ar 1:1" for square images. [v] = Use "--niji" for Japanese art style, or "--v 5" for other styles. Formatting: Follow this prompt structure: "/imagine prompt: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [ar] [v]". Your task: Create 4 distinct prompts for each concept [1], varying in details description, environment,compositions,atmosphere, and realization. Write your prompts in english. Do not describe unreal concepts as "real" or "photographic". Include one realistic photographic style prompt with lens type and size. Separate different prompts with two new lines. Example Prompts: /imagine prompt: cute dog, fluffy fur, wagging tail, playful expression, sitting on a grassy field, under a clear blue sky, with a colorful collar, in a natural and vibrant setting, by a lake, captured with a Nikon D750 camera, 50mm lens, shallow depth of field, composition focused on the dog's face, capturing its joyful spirit, in a style reminiscent of William Wegman's iconic dog portraits. --ar 1:1 --v 5.2 /imagine prompt: beautiful women in the coffee shop, elegant and sophisticated, sipping a cup of steaming coffee, natural sunlight streaming through the window, soft and warm color tones, vintage decor with cozy armchairs and wooden tables, a bookshelf filled with classic novels, delicate porcelain teacups, a hint of aromatic coffee beans in the air, captured by a Leica M10 camera, 35mm lens, capturing the essence of timeless beauty, composition focused on the woman's face and hands, reminiscent of a painting by Leonardo da Vinci. --ar 1:1 --v 5.2 /imagine prompt: A captivating Halo Reach landscape with a Spartan amidst a battlefield, fallen enemies around, smoke and fire in the background, emphasizing the Spartan's determination and bravery, detailed environment blending chaos and beauty, Illustration, digital art, --ar 16:9 --v 5
answer:/imagine prompt: A young woman with vibrant red hair standing in a mysterious forest, surrounded by towering ancient trees covered in glowing mushrooms, a path leading deeper into the darkness, eerie fog weaving through the branches, the woman gazing ahead with a mix of curiosity and apprehension, in a mystical and enchanting setting, captured with a Canon EOS 5D Mark IV camera, 24-70mm lens, emphasizing the contrast between light and shadows, in a style resembling fantasy illustrations. --ar 16:9 --v 5.2 /imagine prompt: An elderly man sitting by a crackling fireplace in a cozy cabin, snow falling outside the window, shelves filled with dusty books and trinkets, a warm golden glow illuminating the room, the man lost in deep contemplation, surrounded by memories of the past, in a nostalgic and intimate atmosphere, captured with a Sony A7III camera, 50mm lens, focusing on the man's weathered hands and wrinkled face, in a storytelling and emotional style. --ar 4:3 --v 5 /imagine prompt: Two children running through a vibrant street market in India, colorful fabrics hanging overhead, the air filled with the scent of spices and the sounds of chatter and laughter, vendors selling fresh fruits and handmade crafts, stray dogs lounging in the shade, the children's faces lit up with pure joy and excitement, in a bustling and lively environment, captured with a Fujifilm X-T4 camera, 35mm lens, capturing the movement and energy of the scene, in a documentary-style approach. --ar 16:9 --v 5.1 /imagine prompt: A lone astronaut exploring a desolate alien planet, rocky terrain stretching endlessly into the horizon, a distant nebula casting a soft glow over the landscape, the astronaut's reflective visor revealing a mix of wonder and solitude, a sense of vastness and unknown mysteries, in a surreal and otherworldly setting, captured with a Nikon D850 camera, 14-24mm lens, emphasizing the vastness of the alien world, in a science fiction-inspired photography style. --ar 16:9 --v 5.3
question:As a prompt generator for a generative AI called "Midjourney", you will create image prompts for the AI to visualize. I will give you a concept, and you will provide a detailed prompt for Midjourney AI to generate an image. Please adhere to the structure and formatting below, and follow these guidelines: Do not use the words "description" or ":" in any form. Do not place a comma between [ar] and [v]. Write each prompt in one line without using return. Structure: [1] = 电影场景中国少女被卖到了农村,恐怖的中国老人站在他面前看着她。 [2] = a detailed description of [1] with specific imagery details. [3] = a detailed description of the scene's environment. [4] = a detailed description of the compositions. [5] = a detailed description of the scene's mood, feelings, and atmosphere. [6] = A style (e.g. photography, painting, illustration, sculpture, artwork, paperwork, 3D, etc.) for [1]. [7] = a detailed description of the scene's mood, feelings, and atmosphere. [ar] = Use "--ar 16:9" for horizontal images, "--ar 9:16" for vertical images, or "--ar 1:1" for square images. [v] = Use "--niji" for Japanese art style, or "--v 5" for other styles. Formatting: Follow this prompt structure: "/imagine prompt: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [ar] [v]". Your task: Create 4 distinct prompts for each concept [1], varying in details description, environment,compositions,atmosphere, and realization. Write your prompts in english. Do not describe unreal concepts as "real" or "photographic". Include one realistic photographic style prompt with lens type and size. Separate different prompts with two new lines. Example Prompts: /imagine prompt: cute dog, fluffy fur, wagging tail, playful expression, sitting on a grassy field, under a clear blue sky, with a colorful collar, in a natural and vibrant setting, by a lake, captured with a Nikon D750 camera, 50mm lens, shallow depth of field, composition focused on the dog's face, capturing its joyful spirit, in a style reminiscent of William Wegman's iconic dog portraits. --ar 1:1 --v 5.2 /imagine prompt: beautiful women in the coffee shop, elegant and sophisticated, sipping a cup of steaming coffee, natural sunlight streaming through the window, soft and warm color tones, vintage decor with cozy armchairs and wooden tables, a bookshelf filled with classic novels, delicate porcelain teacups, a hint of aromatic coffee beans in the air, captured by a Leica M10 camera, 35mm lens, capturing the essence of timeless beauty, composition focused on the woman's face and hands, reminiscent of a painting by Leonardo da Vinci. --ar 1:1 --v 5.2 /imagine prompt: A captivating Halo Reach landscape with a Spartan amidst a battlefield, fallen enemies around, smoke and fire in the background, emphasizing the Spartan's determination and bravery, detailed environment blending chaos and beauty, Illustration, digital art, --ar 16:9 --v 5
answer:/imagine prompt: A somber scene of a Chinese girl being sold to a rural village, fear in her eyes, surrounded by hauntingly old Chinese villagers, their wrinkled faces filled with unknown intentions, amidst a dimly lit room with rustic wooden furniture and flickering lanterns, capturing the girl's vulnerability and the villagers’ malevolent presence, painted in a style reminiscent of traditional Chinese ink wash paintings. --ar 16:9 --v 5 /imagine prompt: In a desolate movie set, a young Chinese girl stands alone, betrayed and abandoned, shadows of looming old villagers casting a sinister aura around her, the cracked walls and eerie silence hinting at a forgotten past, a composition focusing on the girl's expression of sorrow and confusion, captured through a vintage film camera, wide-angle lens, emphasizing the girl's isolation in a hauntingly atmospheric way. --ar 16:9 --v 5 /imagine prompt: Lost in a rural Chinese village, a terrified young girl faces a group of elderly villagers, their faces twisted with malice, surrounded by overgrown fields and decaying buildings, the oppressive atmosphere heavy with dark secrets and ominous foreboding, artwork rendered in a gritty, lifelike style reminiscent of gritty urban photography, capturing the raw emotion and bleak setting with a sense of impending danger. --ar 16:9 --v 5 /imagine prompt: In the eerie silence of a deserted village, a Chinese girl is confronted by shadowy figures of elderly villagers, their sinister presence palpable in the dilapidated surroundings, twisted trees and broken structures adding to the haunting environment, the composition focusing on the contrast between the girl's innocence and the villagers' malevolence, a photograph taken with a medium format camera, telephoto lens, creating a sense of tension and suspense in the scene. --ar 16:9 --v 5.2
question:As a prompt generator for a generative AI called "Midjourney", you will create image prompts for the AI to visualize. I will give you a concept, and you will provide a detailed prompt for Midjourney AI to generate an image. Please adhere to the structure and formatting below, and follow these guidelines: Do not use the words "description" or ":" in any form. Do not place a comma between [ar] and [v]. Write each prompt in one line without using return. Structure: [1] = four guys in ancient chinese style play Mahjong in a chinese style yard. it's night with full moon. cartoon style. [2] = a detailed description of [1] with specific imagery details. [3] = a detailed description of the scene's environment. [4] = a detailed description of the compositions. [5] = a detailed description of the scene's mood, feelings, and atmosphere. [6] = A style (e.g. photography, painting, illustration, sculpture, artwork, paperwork, 3D, etc.) for [1]. [7] = a detailed description of the scene's mood, feelings, and atmosphere. [ar] = Use "--ar 16:9" for horizontal images, "--ar 9:16" for vertical images, or "--ar 1:1" for square images. [v] = Use "--niji" for Japanese art style, or "--v 5" for other styles. Formatting: Follow this prompt structure: "/imagine prompt: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [ar] [v]". Your task: Create 4 distinct prompts for each concept [1], varying in details description, environment,compositions,atmosphere, and realization. Write your prompts in english. Do not describe unreal concepts as "real" or "photographic". Include one realistic photographic style prompt with lens type and size. Separate different prompts with two new lines. Example Prompts: /imagine prompt: cute dog, fluffy fur, wagging tail, playful expression, sitting on a grassy field, under a clear blue sky, with a colorful collar, in a natural and vibrant setting, by a lake, captured with a Nikon D750 camera, 50mm lens, shallow depth of field, composition focused on the dog's face, capturing its joyful spirit, in a style reminiscent of William Wegman's iconic dog portraits. --ar 1:1 --v 5.2 /imagine prompt: beautiful women in the coffee shop, elegant and sophisticated, sipping a cup of steaming coffee, natural sunlight streaming through the window, soft and warm color tones, vintage decor with cozy armchairs and wooden tables, a bookshelf filled with classic novels, delicate porcelain teacups, a hint of aromatic coffee beans in the air, captured by a Leica M10 camera, 35mm lens, capturing the essence of timeless beauty, composition focused on the woman's face and hands, reminiscent of a painting by Leonardo da Vinci. --ar 1:1 --v 5.2 /imagine prompt: A captivating Halo Reach landscape with a Spartan amidst a battlefield, fallen enemies around, smoke and fire in the background, emphasizing the Spartan's determination and bravery, detailed environment blending chaos and beauty, Illustration, digital art, --ar 16:9 --v 5
answer:/imagine prompt: four men in ancient Chinese attire engrossed in a game of Mahjong under the moonlight, intricate patterns on their clothing, traditional Chinese tile game pieces scattered on the table, lanterns casting a warm glow in a serene courtyard, surrounded by lush bonsai trees and a tranquil koi pond, capturing the essence of camaraderie and relaxation, in a vibrant and whimsical illustration style. --ar 16:9 --v 5.2 /imagine prompt: a group of friends in ancient Chinese robes gathered around a wooden Mahjong table, illuminated by a full moon in a traditional courtyard, each character with unique facial features and expressions, intricate architectural details in the background, cherry blossom petals drifting gently in the night breeze, creating an atmosphere of mystery and suspense, portrayed in a realistic photographic style with a Canon EOS 5D Mark IV camera, 85mm lens, capturing the scene with high clarity and depth. --ar 16:9 --v --niji /imagine prompt: four individuals dressed in ancient Chinese attire engaging in a game of Mahjong on a beautifully decorated courtyard floor, the moon casting a soft light on the scene, each player focused on their tiles, surrounded by intricate Chinese lanterns and blooming lotus flowers, a gentle breeze rustling the leaves of bonsai trees, harmonious and tranquil ambiance with a touch of nostalgia, depicted in a dreamy and surreal painting style. --ar 16:9 --v 5.2 /imagine prompt: a group of men playing Mahjong in an ancient Chinese garden, under the moonlight, amidst traditional architecture and lush greenery, their laughter echoing in the serene atmosphere, capturing the essence of bonding and friendship, vibrant colors and exaggerated expressions in a playful and animated cartoon style, emphasizing the camaraderie and competitive spirit of the players. --ar 16:9 --v --niji
question:请将“1 Disarticulated development of productive forces in the periphery In an economy, one sector produces means of consumption, and another sector produces means of production. The latter sector has two sub-sectors: one produces means of production needed to produce consumption goods, and another produces other means of production.4 ‘In order to be auto-centered an economy must contain production at all of these levels and especially at the two highest levels of reproductive importance’ which involve the production of the means of production (Ougaard, 1982: 389). In addition, the different sectors and subsectors must be articulated with one another, even if an auto-centred economy does not have to produce all the products in all the three major sectors (ibid.). In the core, accumulation is autocentric: ‘production of capital goods and the production of consumption goods’ are articulated with one another, and foreign relations of central economies ‘are subject to the requirements of this determinate articulation’, and therefore generally ‘labor’s pay can follow the progress of productivity’5 (Amin, 2009: 272). In contrast, the peripheral economy tends to be dominated more by the production of consumption goods and less by other types of production. A significant level of production in all the sectors/sub-sectors mentioned earlier is absent in a typical peripheral economy. An industrializing peripheral economy often assembles imported industrial parts, as it happens in many SEZs and Mexican maquiladoras. Or, some countries produce IT support, including in call-centres, for advanced countries. A major part of the periphery’s IT industry is actually similar to its manufacturing assembly, where low-paid engineers such as those in India ‘develop components or subpackages/assemblies/programmes that go into the final products made and marketed by US companies’ (Bidwai, 2003). Bidwai says that ‘a good proportion of the sub-programmes in Windows 95 and 98 were developed by Indian engineers. But it’s Mr Bill Gates who skimmed off the profits!’ (ibid.) The lack of articulation between the main sectors blocks the periphery’s economic development. Such an economy is also extraverted: internal linkages are not stronger than external ones. It remains export-oriented, or its production caters to the local elite (production of goods and services that workers and small-scale producers do not normally consume). Such a production system has, generally, little incentive, or need, to raise wages/income of the masses who are not the consumers of such a system (see Richards, 1986; De Janvry, 1981). Indeed, distribution of income/wealth does feed back into the nature of production system. So, apart from the peripheral society where capitalism exists mainly in the sphere of exchange relations, there are two other types of peripheral society from the standpoint of production. In one type, there is capitalist production of consumer goods for the domestic (and foreign) market. This society is ‘dependent on the import of means of production for its consumer industry’. Another type of peripheral society ‘produces the means of production for its consumer industry’ at least to a significant extent, but it is still ‘dependent on imports of the means of production for its own producer goods industry’ (Ougaard, 1982: 394). And ‘since this dependency is located at the highest level of reproductive importance it can be expected to lead to an intensification of the conflicts with foreign capital’ (ibid.). What are the implications of all this for the peripheral state then? The state has a role in facilitating the transition from the first lower level of peripheral economy (capitalism in circulation, export of raw materials) to the form where ‘a society can produce the means of production for its producer goods industry’ and where this production covers a significant part of the society’s needs and is reasonably integrated internally (Ougaard, 1982: 395—6). How well the state plays such a developmental role depends on a number of processes. These include which dominant class or class-strata (e.g. landlords, merchants, domestic capitalists, foreign capitalists, and so on) control state power; whether and to what extent the state can exercise autonomy vis-à-vis mutual competing capitalists and vis-à-vis conflicts between capital-owners and ground-rent receivers (landowners); and how well the state protects its capitalist (and small-scale) production from the globally operating law of value. The developmental state has reflected on some of these processes.6 Amin (2009: 273) says that ‘[i]n the periphery, constant adjustment in economies have to be made in relation to the economies of the core’. So, in the core, ‘[t]he state . . . fulfils the conditions that make possible autocentric accumulation and the dependence of foreign relations on the logic of that accumulation’, but in contrast, the peripheral state . . . does not control local accumulation. It is thus objectively, an instrument for the adjustment of the local society to the requirements of globalized accumulation, the tendencies of which are determined by the requirements of the center. This difference explains why the central state is a strong state and while the peripheral state is a weak state, says Amin. But to the extent that the periphery lacks economic dynamics associated with auto-centric production, the question is why? We need to turn to the very nature of capitalism in the periphery in terms of class relations and to imperialism as a form of class relation and explore their implications for the peripheral state. 2 Peripheral social formation dominated by ‘backward’ capitalism7 Whether in the global periphery or in the more economically advanced world, a society is capitalist if it is characterized by the dominance of the following features: commodity production, means of production confronting labour as capital, a class of nominally free labourers forced to work for a wage because they do not own sufficient means of production, and operation of the law of value (law of competition based on socially necessary labour time). When such conditions exist, then capitalist relation exists, at least in the sense of FSL. In FSL, lots of workers are hired to work for long hours on an enormous amount of raw materials with limited or little labour-shedding technical change used. There is hardly any place in the world which is not dominated by capitalism at least in this sense. While FSL is based on the appropriation of absolute surplus value, RSL is based on the appropriation of relative surplus value. RSL has all the features of FSL and an additional attribute — that is, the systematic tendency towards technical change. Then there is also hybrid subsumption, which is post-feudal and which does not involve wage labour; it involves exploitation by merchants and moneylenders of direct producers (see Das, 2017a: 340—90 for a detailed discussion on the subsumption of labour by capital). Marx says in the Appendix to Capital 1: FSL is ‘directly a process of the exploitation of the labour of others. . . . It is the general form of any capitalist production process’ (i.e. production process under the rule of capitalist social relation) (Marx, 1977b: 1019). As the more general form of capitalist production, it ‘can be found in the absence of the specifically capitalist mode of production’, which is RSL for Marx (ibid.). The two forms of subsumption are similar in the sense of the general conditions for capitalism. But a dialectical approach also sees a difference. Contrary to what Marx might (sometimes) have believed, the transition to RSL is not automatic, even if there is a long-term tendency towards the RSL, associated with a rise in the ratio of constant to variable capital (Das, 2017a). To me, the transition from FSL to RSL is contingent on the balance of power between the basis classes, which is expressed in the struggle of workers against the regime of long hours (and low wages). Class struggle (potential or actual) conditions the extent to which capitalists who are competing with one another cut costs of production through (a) the use of technology aimed at increasing labour productivity or (b) for example, FSL. And certain objective conditions can promote or constrain class struggle, and accordingly the transition to RSL can be quicker or be a prolonged process and geographically uneven. Advanced capitalism is characterized by a successful transition to RSL and the resultant economic dynamism. This transition has been partly possible because of two factors such as colonial transfer, and class struggle against capitalists using labour for long hours and low wages. However, in most parts of the periphery (and especially in its vast rural areas and in small towns), the situation is a little different. There are the necessary conditions for capitalist relations. In some areas, property owners may be formally subsuming labour (e.g. capitalists use highly vulnerable and low-cost labour, including labour that is reproduced outside of capitalist reproduction as in indigenous communities).8 In other areas, especially in selected large cities and villages near them, there do exist real subsumption. The state is connected to both, to the localized existence of RSL and to the obstacles to the transition to it. Let’s begin with localized existence of RSL. Backward countries can adopt technology from already-advanced countries, and this means that [t]he development of historically backward nations leads necessarily to a peculiar combination of different stages in the historic process’ leading to combined development ‘by which we mean a drawing together of the dif-ferent stages of the journey, a combining of the separate steps, an amalgam of archaic with more contemporary forms. (Trotsky, 2008: 4-5) By borrowing technology already developed in an advanced country, a peripheral country can skip some stages in the development process, thus producing combined development: The development of backward countries is characterized by its combined character. In other words, the last word of imperialist technology, economics, and politics is combined in these countries with traditional backwardness and primitiveness. (Trotsky, 1940) This means that in an LDC, technologically backward ‘peasant land-cultivation’ can coexist with an industry which ‘in its technique and capitalist structure’ is ‘at the level of the advanced countries’, and in certain respects it can even surpass industry in advanced countries (ibid.: 8). The peripheral capitalist state can be responsible for real subsumption, both by working with, and independently of, imperialism. Partly prompted by the struggles of the masses against low living standards and partly prompted by geopolitical rivalries (sometimes overlain by nationalist chauvinism with religious overtones), and in some cases, to protect their own capitals against imperialist competition (law of value), capitalist states in the periphery can give various forms of assistance to national capitals to introduce modern technologies and to increase labour productivity. This process may signal some kind of transition from formal to real subsumption.”翻译为中文
answer:1 在外围地区生产力的非协调发展 在一个经济体中,一个部门生产消费品,另一个部门生产生产资料。后者有两个子部门:一个生产生产消费品所需的生产资料,另一个生产其他生产资料。 “为了实现自我中心化,一个经济体必须包含所有这些层次的生产,尤其是在涉及生产生产资料的两个最重要层次上”(Ougaard,1982:389)。此外,不同的部门和子部门必须相互协调,即使一个自我中心化的经济体不必在所有三个主要部门中生产所有产品(同上)。 在核心地区,积累是自我为中心的:‘生产资本货物和生产消费品’相互协调,中心经济体的外国关系‘受到这一特定协调要求的制约’,因此通常‘劳动者的薪酬可以随着生产力的进步而增加’(Amin,2009:272)。相比之下,外围经济往往更多地被消费品生产所主导,其他类型的生产较少。典型的外围经济缺乏前面提到的所有部门/子部门中的大量生产。一个工业化的外围经济体常常组装进口的工业零件,就像许多特殊经济区和墨西哥的马基拉多拉工厂那样。或者,一些国家为发达国家提供IT支持,包括呼叫中心服务。外围地区的IT产业实际上与其制造业组装类似,其中像印度这样低薪的工程师“开发美国公司制造和市场销售的最终产品中所使用的组件或子包装/组装/程序”(Bidwai,2003)。Bidwai表示,“Windows 95和98中相当一部分子程序是由印度工程师开发的。但是赚大钱的是比尔·盖茨!”(同上)。 主要部门之间缺乏协调阻碍了外围地区的经济发展。这样的经济体也是外向型的:内部联系不如外部联系紧密。它仍然以出口为导向,或者它的生产服务于当地精英(生产工人和小规模生产者通常不消费的商品和服务)。这样的生产系统通常很少有激励或需要提高大众的工资/收入(参见Richards,1986;De Janvry,1981)。确实,收入/财富的分配反过来又会影响生产系统的性质。 那么,所有这些对外围国家又有什么意义呢?国家在从初级外围经济体(流通领域的资本主义,原材料出口)转型到“一个社会可以为其生产者商品工业生产生产资料”的形式,在这里,这种生产覆盖了社会的重要部分需求并且在内部相对完整地整合(Ougaard,1982:395-6)方面,具有促进作用。国家在发挥这种发展作用上的表现取决于许多过程。这些包括哪一个主导阶级或阶层(例如地主、商人、国内资本家、外国资本家等)控制国家权力;国家在何种程度上可以对相互竞争的资本家以及资本所有者和地租接收者(地主)之间的冲突行使自主权;以及国家如何保护其资本主义(和小规模)生产免受全球价值法则的影响。发展型国家已经反思了其中的一些过程。 Amin(2009:273)说,在外围,“经济必须不断调整以适应核心经济体的需求”。因此,在核心,“国家……满足了实现自我为中心积累的条件,并使外国关系依赖于该积累的逻辑”,相比之下, 外围国家……不能控制本地积累。因此,它客观上是一个工具,用于将本地社会调整到全球化积累的要求,这些要求由中心的需求所决定。 Amin表示,这种差异解释了为什么中心国家是强国家而外围国家是弱国家。但是,鉴于外围缺乏与自我为中心生产相关的经济动力,问题在于为什么?我们需要转向外围地区资本主义的本质,即阶级关系,并探讨帝国主义作为一种阶级关系形式对外围国家的影响。 2 由“落后”资本主义主导的外围社会形态 无论是在全球外围还是在经济上更为发达的世界,如果一个社会的特点是商品生产、生产资料作为资本对抗劳动、一群名义上自由的劳动者因为不拥有足够的生产资料而被迫为工资工作,以及价值法则(基于社会必要劳动时间的竞争法则)的运作,那么这个社会就是资本主义的。当这些条件存在时,至少在FSL的意义上,资本主义关系就存在了。在FSL中,大量工人被雇佣工作很长时间,处理大量原材料,使用有限或很少的劳动削减技术变革。世界上几乎没有哪个地方不是至少在这个意义上被资本主义所主导的。虽然FSL是基于绝对剩余价值的占有,RSL则是基于相对剩余价值的占有。RSL具有FSL的所有特点,并有一个额外属性——即系统向技术变革的倾向。然后还有混合征服,这是后封建主义的,不涉及工资劳动;它涉及商人和放债者对直接生产者的剥削(见Das,2017a:340-390对资本对劳动的征服的详细讨论)。 马克思在《资本论》第一卷附录中说:FSL“直接是他人劳动剥削的过程……。这是任何资本主义生产过程的普遍形式”(即在资本主义社会关系统治下的生产过程)(Marx,1977b:1019)。作为资本主义生产的更普遍形式,它“可以在没有特定资本主义生产方式的情况下被发现”,对马克思来说这是RSL(同上)。两种征服形式在资本主义的一般条件意义上是相似的。但辩证法也看到了一个区别。 与马克思(有时)可能相信的相反,转向RSL并不是自动的,即使存在向RSL的长期趋势,与固定资本与可变资本比率的上升相关联(Das,2017a)。对我来说,从FSL向RSL的过渡取决于基本阶级之间的权力平衡,这在工人反抗长时间(和低工资)工作制度的斗争中得到了体现。阶级斗争(潜在或实际)条件了资本家之间通过(a)使用旨在提高劳动生产率的技术或(b)例如FSL来降低生产成本的程度。而某些客观条件可以促进或限制阶级斗争,相应地,向RSL的过渡可以是更快的,也可以是一个漫长的过程,并在地理上不均衡。 先进的资本主义特征是成功向RSL的过渡和由此产生的经济活力。这种转换在一定程度上是因为两个因素,例如殖民地转移,以及阶级斗争反对资本家使用长时间和低工资的劳动力。然而,在外围的大部分地区(尤其是在其广阔的农村地区和小城镇),情况有些不同。存在资本主义关系的必要条件。在一些地区,产权所有者可能在形式上征用劳动(例如,资本家使用高度脆弱和低成本的劳动力,包括在资本主义再生产之外再生产的劳动力,如在土著社区中)。在其他地区,尤其是在一些大城市和它们附近的村庄中,确实存在真正的征服。国家与RSL的局部存在和向它的过渡的障碍都有联系。 让我们从RSL的局部存在开始。落后国家可以从已经先进的国家采用技术,这意味着 “历史上落后国家的发展必然导致不同历史阶段的特殊结合”,从而导致联合发展“我们的意思是不同阶段的集合,分步骤的结合,古老形式与更现代形式的融合。” (Trotsky,2008:4-5) 通过借用在先进国家已经发展的技术,一个外围国家可以跳过发展过程中的某些阶段,从而产生联合发展: “落后国家的发展的特点是其联合性质。换句话说,帝国主义技术、经济和政治的最新成果在这些国家与传统的落后性和原始性相结合。” (Trotsky,1940) 这意味着在一个不发达国家,技术落后的“农民土地耕作”可以与一个在技术和资本主义结构上“处于先进国家水平”的工业共存,并且在某些方面甚至可以超过先进国家的工业(同上:8)。 外围资本主义国家可以负责真正的征服,无论是与帝国主义合作还是独立于帝国主义。部分受到群众对低生活标准的斗争的推动,部分受到地缘政治竞争的推动(有时叠加有民族主义的沙文主义和宗教色彩),并且在某些情况下,为了保护自己的资本免受帝国主义竞争(价值法则)的影响,外围的资本主义国家可以提供各种形式的帮助给国家资本引进现代技术和提高劳动生产率。这一过程可能标志着从形式征服向真正征服的某种转变。